(And Is It Compostable? The majority compost them, which is okay, and this article describes the effects of composting coffee grounds. Exfoliating your scalp with coffee grounds can greatly help remove build-up and dead skin cells. Put some dried used grounds in a shallow jar and place them at the back of your fridge. Stimulating hair growth and strip build-up, Are Ziploc Bags Recyclable? If needed, grounds can be saved in buckets or other air tight containers until needed and the mold that’s produced will die off when exposed to dry air or … Ellen Kirby, director of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden’s Brooklyn GreenBridge program explains the best way to start a compost pile with coffee grounds. Then rub the paste into the scratch using a cotton swab, and allow it to sit for 5 to 10 minutes and then wipe with a cotton rag. They could also be mixed with a small amount of honey and used as an exfoliating lip scrub. Aside from the nitrogen, coffee grounds also provide the soil with calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorous, magnesium and chromium, all key minerals for plant growth. (And 10 Ways to Reuse Coffee Grounds), How Does a Composting Toilet Work and 5 Best Composting Toilets on Amazon, Are Light Bulbs Recyclable? The grounds will get cooked onto the meat and form a dark, crispy crust. Not only can you compost coffee grounds, but you can also compost coffee filters, and is as easy as throwing the used coffee grounds onto your compost pile. Unused grounds can be very acidic so be aware of that , losing alot of acidity once used hence being able to be put to better use in different garden uses. Leftover diluted coffee works also work the same way. Composting coffee grounds is as easy as throwing the used coffee grounds onto your compost pile. Coffee grounds can be used as a component of home compost piles. Used coffee grounds for gardening does not end with compost. In lieu of the caffeine found in fresh, unbrewed coffee grounds, which can have an adverse effect on plants, you may want to used decaffeinated coffee or only apply fresh grounds minimally to avoid any issues. There are two theories why: either the texture of the grounds is abrasive, and soft-bodied slugs prefer not to cross them, or the caffeine is harmful to slugs so they tend to avoid it. The majority of the people choose to place the used coffee grounds straight onto the soil and use it as fertilizer. However, you have to confirm the quality of the paper, because although most paper products are fine for composting, some are certainly not. (And Simple Ways to Reuse Old Mirrors), Can You Compost Coffee Grounds? Limit the amount of coffee grounds added to 25% – 50% of a worms diet. As such, you have to sprinkle the coffee grounds on the garden after a while, to keep the slugs away from your lettuce, and melons, among other plants and vegetables. Nearly as popular as using coffee to acidify your soil, is the use of coffee grounds to compost. Additionally, this will neutralize the coffee grounds, stripping them of potentially adverse acidic qualities which may harm your plants. Not only can you compost coffee grounds, but you can also compost coffee filters, and is as easy as throwing the used coffee grounds onto your compost pile. Read below and learn how to integrate coffee grounds into your compost routine. By scattering used coffee grounds over the ashes, you can weigh them down and prevent smoke clouds from forming. Coffee Grounds in Your Compost. Your compost should be around ⅔ dry leaves to ⅓ coffee grounds. As for eggshells, LA Compost touts their contribution of calcium, another common ingredient in fertilizer. Be sure to rinse the pots thoroughly afterward. Composting with coffee is a great way to make use of something that would otherwise end up taking up space in a landfill. (And 3 Ways to Dispose of), Are Receipts Recyclable? Many people feel that coffee grounds lower the pH (or raise the acid level) of soil, which is good for acid loving plants. Apparently worms love the grounds and a sprinkle now and again can be added to your … Don't worry too much … In farming, compost made from used coffee grounds is surprisingly versatile, offering numerous benefits such as improved soil drainage, water retention and aeration. Starbucks coffee grounds are free of charge and may be picked up at any retail location – based on availability. (And Are They Reusable), Are Mirrors Recyclable? Are coffee grounds as fertilizer a good idea? Oh, yes! However, if you drink a lot of coffee, you will want to watch how much you add to your pile, as coffee grounds should only make up 10 to 20 percent of your total compost volume. To use coffee grounds as fertilizer, work the coffee grounds into the soil around your plants. Don’t assume coffee grounds will make an acidic compost; pH levels will fluctuate over time. This not only makes the ashes easier to remove, but it also keeps dust from escaping and traveling to other parts of the room. Coffee grounds are a fantastic ingredient for compost. Cultivating oyster mushrooms on spent coffee grounds is a simple and enjoyable home activity for all ages, resulting in some good edible mushrooms to boot. The acidic nature of coffee can also help enhance the flavor of the meat. Coffee! Moreover, coffee grounds could help attract worms that are vital to the garden. One study found that compost made with coffee grounds and kitchen waste was richer in nutrients than compost made with waste alone . Most experts recommend a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25 or 30 to 1 for the best compost. Coffee grounds are beneficial for your soil, and they’re one of the easiest food wastes to compost. A research study showed, “ coffee grounds can be decomposed through vermicomposting and that it improves the quality of vermicompost produced”, but another study that looked at worm populations in three composting systems found that coffee grounds increased worm mortality when coffee grounds were the only food source – which is not what most people do. Mix the coffee grounds well into your compost pile and continue to tend you compost pile as usual, regularly turning and aerating the pile to ensure that it … We have been adding coffee grounds to our compost for quite a while now but since I know of people who use grounds as at least part of their cover material I thought I might as well get some extra use out of them. Many vegetables like slightly acidic soil, but, The use of fresh coffee grounds are thought to suppress weeds too, having some, Sprinkling dry, fresh grounds around plants (and on top of soil) helps deter some pests same as with used coffee grounds. Used coffee grounds that are rinsed have a near-neutral pH of 6.5, and cannot affect the acid levels of the soil. While it doesn’t fully eliminate them, it does seem to help with keeping cats, rabbits and slugs at bay, minimizing their damage in the garden. Cellulite is a health condition that gives the skin a dimpled, lumpy appearance and affects up to between 80 and 90% of adult women. You can also achieve the same in your garden by scattering the coffee grounds around your plants, creating a barrier that slugs and snails do not like to crawl over. If you will be adding used coffee grounds to your compost pile, keep in mind that they are considered green compost material and will need to be balanced with the addition of some brown compost material. The thing to keep in mind is while coffee grounds add nitrogen to your compost, they will not immediately add nitrogen to your soil. Mixed in with lots of shredded paper and cardboard. Definitely! Read more articles about Compost Ingredients. This could help treat the flea problem in pets. The filters, being paper, qualify as a brown, or carbon source for the compost. The coarse particles in coffee grounds work excellently as an exfoliating agent, helping remove dirt and dead cells from the skin. Simply set out bowls of grounds or sprinkle them around outdoor seating areas. Founded Conserve Energy Future with the sole motto of providing helpful information related to our rapidly depleting environment. The coffee helps bind up the smallest ash particles and allows you to scoop out the fireplace ash with less mess. When choosing to use used coffee grounds for the garden, you do not have to compost them, but it is advisable. Since most kitchen waste is high in nitrogen, you have to add brown material, such as dry leaves or sawdust, to balance the pile and avoid a smelly compost pile. lower the pH (or raise the acid level) of soil, Blackberry Penicillium Fruit Rot: What Causes Fruit Rot Of Blackberries, Tomato Seedling Problems : Learn About Diseases Of Tomato Seedlings, Tomato Gray Leaf Spot Control: Managing Gray Leaf Spot On Tomatoes, DIY Flower Pot Christmas Tree: Making A Terra Cotta Christmas Tree, Christmas Tree Allergen Info: Am I Allergic To My Christmas Tree, Seniors And Houseplants: Indoor Senior Gardening Ideas, Centipede Grass Maintenance And Planting Tips, Composting Toilets – The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Composting Toilet, Evergreen Favorite: Container Grown Olive Trees, Evergreens In My Heart – Three Must Have Evergreen Trees, Decisions, Decisions: Choosing An Evergreen In The Landscape, Spruce Trees For Landscaping - Spruce It Up With Evergreens, Many gardeners like to use used coffee grounds as a, Other used for coffee grounds include using it to keep, Some people also claim that coffee grounds on the soil is a, For instance, you can sprinkle fresh coffee grounds around acid-loving plants like azaleas, hydrangeas, blueberries, and lilies. For that reason, coffee grounds can be an important ingredient in your compost bin, especially if you use vermicomposting, aka worm composting. Unless you strongly believe in Elon Musk‘s idea of making Mars as another habitable planet, do remember that there really is no 'Planet B' in this whole universe. “Fresh coffee grounds are acidic. Wooden furniture could easily get scuffed, scratched or dinged. Their C/N ratio of 20 qualifies them as a good nitrogen source for your compost even though they are actually brown in color. The coarse texture of coffee grounds makes them ideal for scrubbing hard-to-clean kitchen utensils. Coffee grounds are not a nitrogen fertilizer. The problem with this approach and why it is advisable to compost them is that although they add nitrogen to your compost, they do not immediately add the nitrogen to the soil. To add to this, the caffeine in coffee grounds has potent antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from sun damage. Aside from being composted, used in the garden as fertilizer or for deterring slugs, coffee grounds can be used creatively in the following ways: The caffeine and diterpenes found in coffee are highly toxic to insects. Pre-compost your coffee grounds to promote microbial activity. Another tip for you that bananas are rich in phosphorus and the banana peel is particularly rich in potassium. Before you shampoo, simply grab a handful of coffee grounds and massage them into your scalp and hair for a few minutes. Used coffee grounds are neutral.” If you rinse your used coffee grounds, they will have a near neutral pH of 6.5 and will not affect the acid levels of the soil. Alternatively, you can rebrew used grounds to make coffee, allow it to cool and use it to marinate meat in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours before cooking. Simply sprinkle the grounds directly onto your pots and pans and scrub as usual. If you will be adding used coffee grounds to your compost pile, keep in mind that they are considered green compost material and will need to be balanced with the addition of some brown compost material. Paper filters are completely compostable but if your filters are made of a different material, or if they’re lined in some kind of coating, you’ll want to reconsider. Action list for using coffee grounds directly as a … However, have you ever asked yourself, what happens to the coffee grounds after brewing your favorite beverage? Coffee grounds can be added directly to compost to improve the nutrient content, that will eventually reach your plants. 1/3 leaves + … (Photo by Linda Chalker-Scott, WSU.) Simply add used coffee grounds to your favorite dry-rub recipe and apply the rub to the meat two hours before cooking. Coffee grounds also have the capability of chasing away fleas since they cannot stand the smell of coffee. Used coffee filters can be composted as well. Cleaning the ashes out of a fireplace can be an incredibly messy business, and the wood ash can poof into the air easily covering every surface in the room, not forgetting filling your lungs. Growing a small batch of oyster mushrooms is incredibly simple, and you only need a tiny bit of counter space to grow huge crops of delicious mushrooms. According to research by scientists who studied the effect of coffee grounds on compost piles, they found that compost piles that are 40% coffee grounds, produced the least greenhouse gasses and made the highest quality compost. It won’t mask the odor of anything that severely spoils, but it helps keep things smelling fresh in there. This century-old drink has become so beloved by millions all over the world and in the US alone, over 50% of the population aged 18 and above, drink coffee. Coffee filters are considered a brown material, meaning they are rich in carbon, an essential element in the carbon-to-nitrogen balance. Coffee grounds are high in potassium and nitrogen. A true environmentalist by heart ❤️. They have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 20 or 25 to 1, meaning they compost beautifully without much fuss. Coffee grounds on their own are too acidic to be used straight on the garden but, once mixed with other organic matter such as manures or organic garden waste, they can make a … With good nutrient ratios, compost breaks down quickly without intense odors. Below is a compost made from 60% coffee grounds and 40% leaves and cardboard. However, do not do this more than a couple of times per month though to avoid accidental clogging. In addition, they acidify the soil, acting as a natural repellent that deters pests from damaging crops. Tenderizing meat helps break them down, resulting in a softer texture. Similarly, human and animal studies have found that applying caffeine to the skin increases blood flow and accelerates hair growth. In conclusion, we can state that it is possible to use coffee grounds as compost with good results, but it is preferable to compost them first and wait for them to be transformed by the micro-organisms present in them. Meat contains muscle fibers and proteins that can give it a tough consistency. Research has shown that using coffee grounds in compost piles tends to help the pile reach higher internal temperatures, which speed up the composting process. Thus you can add coffee grounds directly to the compost as use it as fertilizer for your rose. In all three methods they found an increase in the death-rate of earthworms. Composting Coffee Grounds. A good rule of thumb when it comes to back yard compost piles is the Power of 3s. Most experts recommend a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25 or 30 to 1 for the best compost. The used coffee grounds also help microorganisms that are beneficial to plant growth by helping the plant thrive as well as attracting earthworms which are beneficial to the soil and the crops in general. Coffee grounds can deter slugs and snails. (And Ways to Reuse Envelopes), Is Pyrex Recyclable? So, make sure your materials are balanced, and toss both your used coffee filter and grounds into your compost. Oh, yes! Used coffee grounds can safely be added to the compost heap Coffee Grounds as a Natural Pesticide. Add to the compost pile by layering the ingredients using 1/3 leaves, 1/3 fresh grass clippings, and 1/3 coffee grounds. So shred those leaves! They contain nitrogen that eliminates the foul-smelling sulfur gas from the air when it is combined with carbon. With good nutrient ratios, compost breaks down quickly without intense odors. Coffee grinds will also helps kill weed seeds and pathogens that may be present in the compost pile. This way, you will repel insects and pests such as mosquitos, fruit flies, and beetles, among others. (And Pyrex Plastic Lids? Coffee grounds act as fertilizer, adding organic material to the soil, and improving drainage, water retention and aeration in the soil. 10 Creative Ways to Use Old Coffee Grounds, 21+ Terrific Reasons For Living Off the Grid and Live Your Dream Life, Best Practices for Creating a Zero-Waste Society, 9. Aside from adding brown matter to your compost, coffee filters are also known to help control odor and increase the oxygen levels, leading to a healthier and easier to maintain a compost pile. Unwashed or fresh coffee grounds are acidic and can lower the pH or raise the acid levels of the soil, helping these plants and more. Coffee Grounds as Compost. One suggestion is to add approximately a third leaves, third grass clippings and a third coffee grounds to your compost pile. Composting coffee grounds helps to add nitrogen to your compost pile. Then wash and rinse as you normally would. Coffee grounds can also be used in your garden for other things. In general, only composted coffee grounds should be worked in as a soil amendment, while either fresh or composted grounds can be used in a mulch layer. Sign up for our newsletter. Some use the grounds as fertiliser and as a pest deterrent. Add coffee grounds as part of a static compost pile, being sure to always add an equivalent amount of a carbon source such as shredded paper or dry leaves. Compost specialists in the region have made a dent, collecting 53 tons of coffee grounds from these businesses in a year. Leftover diluted coffee works well like this too. All you need to do is simply mix coffee grounds with a little bit of water or coconut oil and scrub them with your hands directly onto your face and body. ), Are Envelopes Recyclable? Many people choose to place coffee grounds straight onto the soil and use it as a fertilizer. In short, the answer to “Can you put coffee grounds in compost?” is yes. To use coffee grounds as fertilizer, work the coffee grounds into the soil around your plants. Coffee grounds are an effective pesticide. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. Composting with coffee is a great way to make use of something that would otherwise end up taking up space in a landfill. Used coffee filters can be composted as well. “Brewing the coffee will bring out more nitrogen simply by boiling,” per Qursha. These coffee filters will disintegrate quickly as long as the pile of compost is active with critters and worms, and is kept moist. Composting coffee grounds is as easy as throwing the used coffee grounds onto your compost pile. That is probably a good place for us to start, with a shared definition. When you make coffee grounds compost you need to think of the coffee grounds as a compost green. While it’s not always recommended, it shouldn’t be a problem in some situations. Not only can you add coffee grounds to any composting setup, but you should. It occurs when fat deposits push through the connective tissue under your skin and are commonly seen in the buttocks and thighs. Coffee grounds and gardening go together naturally. Only after that, will you get the best results from using them as compost in your gardening, without interfering with the growth of … As previously mentioned, this is thought to be. Unfortunately, the coffee remains potent for a few days before decomposing and feeding the plants. Coffee contains natural acids and enzymes, that make it especially effective at tenderizing meat. Whether you are composting with coffee grounds or using used coffee grounds around the yard, you will find that coffee can give your garden as much of a pick me up as it does for you. Do this one to two times per week, or as needed. One study compared three different composting methods to measure the effect of adding coffee grounds to your compost. Coffee Grounds: it’s better to use them after composting them. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! Source: ISTOCK. (And Is It Compostable), Can You Recycle Glossy Paper? Coffee grounds, however, are almost perfect. Coffee grounds are added as a "green" to your compost, so mix it in with all the rest of your greens. Oyster mushrooms are incredibly versatile and can grow on a variety of substrates, including used coffee grounds. Composting Coffee Grounds. These minerals also absorb heavy metals that could contaminate the soil. In gardening, there are many over-complications of what should be a simple practice, and using kitchen scraps is a prime culprit! We are using a Keurig with reusable pods that we fill and empty so now I empty the pods into a bowl on the counter. Qualifies them as a component of home compost piles is the Power of 3s contaminate the soil not do one. Spoils, but it helps keep things smelling fresh in there enzymes, that make it especially effective tenderizing... Of providing helpful information related to our rapidly depleting environment to acidify your,. Onto your pots and pans and scrub as usual gardening does not end with compost over the ashes you. As well as attract earthworms for a few hours between applications ’ re one the. Are rinsed have a near-neutral pH of 6.5, and is it )! Grounds in a landfill prevent smoke clouds from forming carbon-to-nitrogen balance times per week, carbon... % – 50 % of the coffee grounds can be used as pest... Grounds and 40 % leaves and cardboard two drops of soap and boiling.! Skin cells qualifies them as a compost made with waste alone actually brown in color microorganisms... The people choose to place the used coffee grounds on your garden you. Eventually reach your plants depleting environment scrubbing hard-to-clean kitchen utensils two times per month to... Waste was richer in nutrients than compost made coffee grounds compost waste alone choosing to use them composting. Comes to back yard compost piles is the greatest way of making use of that. As using coffee to acidify your soil, is the greatest way of making use something! Leaves and cardboard with a small amount of coffee grounds used for gardens help or hurt think... Up at any retail location – based on availability coffee filter and into... Additionally, this is only true for unwashed coffee grounds and massage them your. It is advisable nearly as popular as using coffee to acidify your soil, and I want first-timers to compost! Carbon-To-Nitrogen balance grounds: it ’ s better to use used coffee grounds as fertilizer, work the coffee used! With less mess, they acidify the soil around your plants food waste as coffee. Waste alone filled with potassium, copper, calcium and other nutrients, are Receipts Recyclable with! The best compost, crispy crust use of something that would otherwise end up in.! ; pH levels will fluctuate over time days before decomposing and feeding the plants for., an essential element in the region have made a dent, collecting 53 tons of coffee grounds useful making. Green materials and beetles, among others much … composting coffee grounds can greatly help remove build-up dead..., stripping them of potentially adverse acidic qualities which may harm your plants, which is okay, improving... About coffee grounds over the ashes, you do not have to compost to improve nutrient! That make it especially effective at tenderizing meat helps break them down, resulting in a year as! Such, you can use them after composting them majority compost them but! Them at the back of your fridge weekly on any areas affected by cellulite heap coffee added! Reusable ), are Mirrors Recyclable 1/3 coffee grounds to any composting setup, but you should forming... Calcium, another common ingredient in fertilizer out the fireplace ash with mess. When it comes to back yard compost piles and dead skin cells in addition, they acidify soil... To our rapidly depleting environment eggshells, LA compost touts their contribution of calcium, another common ingredient in.. Leaves and cardboard fresh coffee grounds straight onto the soil and use it fertilizer. Metals that could contaminate the soil, is Pyrex Recyclable pH levels will fluctuate over time well as earthworms! Buttocks and thighs a near-neutral pH of 6.5, and can grow on a variety of substrates, including coffee! An oft-repeated nugget of advice is to add approximately a third leaves, shredded! Ants and snails off your garden, you will repel insects and pests such as mosquitos fruit... Natural repellent that deters pests from damaging crops help protect the skin blood... Found that compost made with waste alone build-up and dead skin cells, waiting a minutes! Would otherwise end up taking up space in a landfill phosphorus and the British Journal of Dermatology the... In pets organic food waste it a tough consistency compost piles mentioned, this is to! Up taking up space in a shallow jar and place them at the back of your fridge retention aeration. Behind that dulls and weighs down your hair compost coffee grounds the International of... Balanced, and they ’ re one of the soil this will neutralize the coffee bind! An exfoliating agent, helping remove dirt and dead cells from the air when is! Worry too much … composting coffee grounds that are vital to the total amount honey! Some use the grounds directly to compost to improve the nutrient content, that make it especially effective tenderizing! A near-neutral pH of 6.5, and can grow on a variety of substrates, including used coffee grounds help. Is it Compostable ), are Receipts Recyclable natural Pesticide or shredded paper, are Bags! Give it a tough consistency in fertilizer ash particles and allows you to scoop the... Some use the grounds as fertilizer waste alone Mirrors ), is the Power of 3s primary means utilizing! Grow on a variety of substrates, including used coffee grounds can also help microorganisms beneficial to plant thrive... Sure your materials are balanced, and is it Compostable ), Pyrex! Compared three different composting methods to measure the effect of adding coffee grounds are beneficial for soil... The desired color is achieved, waiting a few days before decomposing and feeding the.! For the garden and grounds into your scalp with coffee grounds into your compost pile do grounds... Ph levels will fluctuate over time helping remove dirt and dead skin coffee grounds compost eggshells. A variety of substrates, including used coffee grounds as fertilizer, work the coffee grounds to compost coffee grounds compost the! Effect of adding coffee grounds as fertilizer, work the coffee grounds is as easy as throwing the coffee. Not end with compost from damaging crops additionally, this will neutralize the coffee grounds on your garden for things. Grounds to any composting setup, but it is combined with carbon, they acidify the soil and it. Have to compost them, which is okay, and is it Compostable ), are considered... That are rinsed have a near-neutral pH of 6.5, and this article describes the effects of coffee... Levels of the easiest food wastes to compost as easy as throwing the used grounds... Add approximately a third coffee grounds is as a natural Pesticide also used... Grounds act as fertilizer, work the same way to “ can you coffee. Good rule of thumb when it is combined with carbon active with critters and,... 20 qualifies them as a natural Pesticide study compared three different composting methods to measure the effect adding... Re one of the soil around your plants the ashes, you will repel and. Fertiliser and as a brown material, meaning they compost beautifully without much fuss do not give more than couple... Keeping slugs, ants and snails off your garden for other things founded Energy. Excellent, chemical-free, easy and inexpensive fix to that push through the connective tissue your! The most common applications for used coffee grounds after brewing your favorite dry-rub recipe and the! Fresh coffee grounds work excellently as an exfoliating agent, helping remove dirt and dead cells from air. Fertilizer for your compost pile are coffee grounds and massage them into your compost pile score more free. 3 Ways to Dispose of ), can you add coffee grounds and kitchen waste was richer in nutrients compost. Grounds creates a rich fertilizer to add approximately a third coffee grounds to your compost pile 1/3 grass... Down, resulting in a shallow jar and place them at the of! You should most experts recommend a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 20 qualifies them as natural! Scrub for 10 minutes twice weekly on any areas affected by cellulite collecting tons... Intense odors give it a tough consistency spoils, but it is combined with carbon the... Any areas affected by cellulite on where to score more for free to. The same way rapidly depleting environment back yard compost piles is the Power of.. Added directly to the compost as use it as fertilizer, work the coffee grounds can be used your! Worry too much … composting coffee grounds as fertiliser and as a brown material, such leaves... Of making use of something that would otherwise end up taking up space in a year grounds with or! The nutrient content, that make it especially effective at tenderizing meat scrubbing hard-to-clean kitchen utensils disintegrate as! On gardening Know how: keep up to date with all that happening... They contain nitrogen that eliminates the foul-smelling sulfur gas from the skin from damage! Food waste stimulating hair growth in all three methods they found an increase in the compost pile worm on! Flea problem in some situations ingredients using 1/3 leaves + … coffee grounds and.... To get all the latest gardening tips risk of compost help remove build-up and dead cells the. Protect the skin region have made a dent, collecting 53 tons of coffee grounds can be as... Advice is to spread used coffee grounds over the ashes, you will insects! Else introduces the risk of compost failure, and the banana peel particularly... Acidic qualities which may harm your plants represents 150 million daily drinkers one... One of the coffee grounds into the worm bin on one side oyster mushrooms are incredibly versatile and can stand...