Thinking back to our case study at the beginning of this chapter, this power can sometimes be strongly felt when looking at social networking sites. As parents invade Faceboo, teens tweet more. Feinstein, B. When students ask their teacher for the class average on an exam, they are also seeking to use social comparison to evaluate their performance. Fox, J. D., & Stinnett, T. A. ___ I see myself as belonging to the group of University of Maryland students. Bazarova, Taft, Choi, and Cosley (2013) explored self-presentation through language styles used in status updates, wall posts, and private messages from 79 participants. Perkins, K., Wiley, S., & Deaux, K. (2014). Friedlander, M. L., & Schwartz, G. S. (1985). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Later they were asked to rate their perceived enjoyableness of a piece of fiction with sexual content, and they typically responded in keeping with the responses they perceived the people they had visualized would have had. self through language and meaning, thus enabling the individual to take the role of other and (Stets and Burke p.2). Self and Society Essay 461 Words | 2 Pages. The Individual And Society. As downward social comparisons generally increase and upward ones generally decrease self-esteem, and the pursuit of high self-esteem, as we have seen, is more prominent in Western as opposed to Eastern cultures, then it should come as no surprise that there are cultural differences here. Marsh, H. W., Kong, C.-K., & Hau, K-T. (2000). As you can see in Figure 3.14, “Self-Monitoring and Behavioral Mimicry,” Cheng and Chartrand found an interaction effect: the students who had been classified as high self-monitors were more likely to mimic the behavior of the confederate when she was described as being the leader than when she was described as being the worker, indicating that they were “tuned in” to the social situation and modified their behavior to appear more positively. There are theories and concepts…. Online self-presentation doesn’t seem to be limited to Facebook usage. Notice the clear parallels between these strategies that occur in response to threats to our self-esteem posed by the behavior of others, and those that are triggered by feelings of self-discrepancy, discussed earlier in this chapter. Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self. B., Dekker, G. B., & van den Berg, M. T. (1996). Upward social comparison with others who are better off than we are leads to negative emotions. We might feel that we have a great sense of humor, for example, because others have told us, and often laugh (apparently sincerely) at our jokes. (2009). Tajfel, H. (1981). White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2005). People who score higher on a measure of social comparison orientation have been found to experience more positive affect following downward social comparisons and more negative affect following upward ones (Buunk, Zurriaga, Peiró, Nauta, & Gosalvez, 2005). This can, in turn, facilitate better empathy for others, particularly when they are exhibiting challenging behaviors (Friedlander & Schwartz, 1985). Essentially, “society” is the regularities, customs and ground rules of antihuman behavior. In the first study, 40 women were instructed to visualize the faces of either two acquaintances or two older members of their own family. Journal of Personality, 56(4), 685–707. Mere presence of individuals in a place does not weld them into a social unit or group. People often project distinct reputations to different social audiences. The paper then takes note of a number of initiatives that have attempted to combine local policing with intelligence work. Psychology Press. The use of positive emotion words was correlated with self-reported self-presentation concern in status updates. American Journal of Psychology, 121(1), 169–172. Wiederhold (2012) found that, with some adolescents’ Facebook friends numbering in the hundreds or thousands, increasing numbers are moving to Twitter in order to reach a more selective audience. —Now that we have explored some of the commonly used self-presentation tactics, let’s look at how they manifest in specific social behaviors. Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, D. (2011). For instance, one of the reasons for the “glass ceiling” existing in some occupations (where women experience discrimination in reaching top positions in organizations) may be attributable to the more negative reactions that their assertive behaviors, necessary for career advancement, receive than those of their male colleagues  (Eagly & Carli, 2007). Self-Monitoring Without Awareness: Using Mimicry as a Nonconscious Affiliation Strategy.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 85(6), 1170-1179. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1170. 462–479). These gender differences are probably in large part socially determined as a result of the different reinforcements that men and women receive for using particular self-presentational strategies. ___ I identify with the group of University of Maryland students. The self has meaning only within the social context, and it is not wrong to say that the social situation defines our self-concept and our self-esteem. They are heavily influenced by the social forces that surround us. The self may both affect certain groups (and so society) and be affected by these groups. Each of the women was then told that before the experiment could continue the experimenter would have to prepare the equipment and that they would have to wait until he was finished. Social identity. The low self-monitors, on the other hand—because they feel less need to impress overall—did not pay much attention to the other person’s status. ( Log Out /  Dr. Zilstein stressed how important it was to learn about the effects of shocks, since electroshock therapy was being used more and more commonly and because the number of accidents due to electricity was also increasing! In these cases, you may have felt much better about yourself or much worse, depending on the nature of the change. As with the women’s study, the men’s self-evaluations matched those they perceived that the people they were asked to visualize would have made, particularly when they were more self-aware. The sociologist Erving Goffman (1959) developed an influential theory of self-presentation and described it as a mainly honest process, where people need to present the parts of themselves required by the social role that they are playing in a given situation. (2007). This is consistent with the idea that people share positive experiences with Facebook friends partly as a self-enhancement strategy. Postconventional moral reasoning and reputation. The individuals are influenced by the mass media that made them acquired goods for social status than for the value and utility. The human being and the group. ), Psychological perspectives on the self. Wiederhold, B. K. (2012). Perkins, Wiley, and Deaux (2014), for example, found that, in the United States, how members of ethnic minority groups believed other members of the same culture perceived them significantly correlated with their self-esteem scores. Reputation management of adolescents in relation to antisocial behavior. For instance, when considering job interviews, Konig, Haftseinsson, Jansen, & Stadelmann (2011) found that individuals from Iceland and Switzerland used less self-presentational behavior than people from the United States. In particular, we use occasions when our social groups are successful in meeting their goals to fuel our self-worth. BikerChick. As many politicians, for example, know only too well, a poor decision from their past can come back to haunt them when their reputation is being assessed during a campaign. Self-concept is a product of many things, it is not just simply what a person is. When we are applying for a job or meeting with others whom we need to impress, we naturally become more attuned to the social aspects of the self, and our self-presentation increases. (1996). Helgeson, V. S., & Mickelson, K. (2000). ( Log Out /  For instance, perhaps someone’s verbally aggressive behavior toward you is more about that person being afraid rather than about his or her desire to do you harm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 420–430. (2007). Journal Of Language And Social Psychology, 32(2), 121-141. doi:10.1177/0261927X12456384, Beach, S. H., Tesser, A., Mendolia, M., Anderson, P., Crelia, R., Whitaker, D., & Fincham, F. D. (1996). In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds. Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Define social comparison, and summarize how people use it to define their self-concepts and self-esteem. fan, or if you are an Australian, or if you are a Muslim, for example, then your membership in the group becomes part of what you are, and the membership often makes you feel good about yourself. If everyone plays their part according to accepted social scripts and conventions, then the social situation will run smoothly and the participants will avoid embarrassment. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5-33. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5, Bauer, I., Wrosch, C., & Jobin, J. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151(2), 201-212. doi:10.1080/00224540903510852. For example, we are often labeled in particular ways by others, perhaps informally in terms of our ethnic background, or more formally in terms of a physical or psychological diagnosis. As with downward comparisons, the effects of looking upward on our self-esteem tend to be more pronounced when we are comparing ourselves to similar others. Morse, S., & Gergen, K. (1970). Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(8), 385-386. THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF SOCIETY. In J. Suls (Ed. Would that person take pleasure from knowing that the friends were happy, or would the friends’ happiness make the person feel worse? Buunk, B. P., Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, A. P. (1997). Society is something that precedes the individual”. ), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. Wang, S., & Stefanone, M. A. It is, in fact a social creation, a human invention an unconscious invention of a whole community. Essay on Sociology: Self and Society The issue regarding the role of appearance and beauty in contemporary society has been widely discussed in academic literature and the mass media sources. If you complete the measure for your own school, university, or college, the research evidence would suggest that you would agree mostly with the statements that indicate that you identify with the group. This evidence is merely correlational, though, so we cannot be sure which way the influence is working. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 472-482. In Jungian theory, derived from the psychologist C.G. Without interaction there would be no group life. Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum. In these types of situation, those who self-label may come to experience internalized prejudice, which occurs when individuals turn prejudice directed toward them by others onto themselves. Research has also found that people who are suffering from serious diseases prefer to compare their condition with other individuals whose current condition and likely prognosis is worse than their own (Buunk, Gibbons, & Visser, 2002). Coping with chronic illness among the elderly: Maintaining self-esteem. Self-Awareness and Contiuous Self-Development Essay 2866 Words | 12 Pages. Change ). Educational Psychology, 1, 1-12. Assessment, 20(6), 723-737. doi:10.1177/1073191113500521. Deaux, K., Reid, A., Mizrahi, K., & Ethier, K. A. Hence, the concept is crucial to any study of the dynamics of society and culture. Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). The problem of man cannot be solved scientifically without a clear statement of the relationship between man and society, as seen in the primary collectivity—the family, the play or instruction group, the production team and other types of formal or informal collectivity. As a consequence, for sociologists, the experience of self, and even the existence of selfhood, varies across cultures and historical periods. López-Romero, L., & Romero, E. (2011). When threats occur, the theory states that we will typically try to rebuild our self-esteem using one of three main strategies. When we are able to compare ourselves favorably with others through downward social comparison, we feel good about ourselves. What would your prediction be about how that person would feel? There is yet another standard for women and men. We all have been socialized to fit into a role or position. Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). If, for example, you have ever performed badly at a sport, the chances are that your esteem was more threatened when you compared yourselves to your teammates as opposed to the top professional athletes in that sport. For instance, Kulik, Mahler, and Moore (1996) found that hospital patients who were awaiting surgery preferred to talk to other individuals who were expecting to have similar procedures rather than to patients who were having different procedures, so that they could share information about what they might expect to experience. Self and SocietySymbolic Interactionism 2. As Schachter (1959) put it, “Misery doesn’t just love any kind of company, it loves only miserable company” (p. 24). Human nature and social order. There is strength in individual power, but with accumulated knowledge it allows humanity, as a whole, to thrive. It is to this question that we will now turn. The self-concept and self-esteem are also often strongly influenced by social comparison. the self as a product of society Posted on September 9, 2018 September 9, 2018 by chasabate • Reflect on the theories and concepts of Mead, Cooley, Baudrillard, and Lanuza and make a narrative essay on the three things you have discovered about your social self. ___ I am annoyed to say that I am a member of the group of University of Maryland students. What are your most salient social identities? The situational variable was the status of the confederate. Updated May 15, 2018 From a classical sociological perspective, the self is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to social systems. We have alluded to some of these forces already; for example, in our review of self-verification theory, we saw how feedback from others can affect our self-concept and esteem. There are also some cultural differences in the extent to which people use self-presentation strategies in social contexts. In contrast to psychologists, who treat the self as an individual possession, sociologists generally view the self as a product of interpersonal relationship that is shaped by social and historical currents. A., Hershenberg, R., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. (1954). The basic idea about self development is that, "The self is not present at birth, rather, it develops while growing through social experiences". (2008). ___ I feel strong ties with the group of University of Maryland students. Adolescence and delinquency: The collective management of reputation. According to Gerry Lanuza, the self in the modern world societies is freely chosen because of the demand of the different societies where social contexts or issues are also belong. Other studies have also found associations between narcissistic traits and self-promotional activity on Facebook. What do you see as the advantages and disadvantages for you of the level of self-monitoring that you have. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 55(4), 580-587. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.4.580. Parameters of social identity. ‘The self’ is really only a product of our evolved consciousness – I personally don’t believe that it exists on any metaphysical, material or spiritual level. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Basic And Applied Social Psychology, 18(2), 229-242. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1802_8, Yakushko, O., Davidson, M., & Williams, E.N. Low self-monitors are more likely to agree with statements such as “At parties and social gatherings, I do not attempt to do or say things that others will like,” and “I can only argue for ideas that I already believe.” In short, high self-monitors use self-presentation to try to get other people to like them by behaving in ways that the others find desirable, whereas low self-monitors tend to follow their internal convictions more than the demands of the social situation. Distinct sources of public regard and self-esteem among first- and second-generation immigrants of color. More frequent use of downward than upward social comparison with similar others has been been shown to be a commonly used coping strategy for preserving self-esteem in the face of a wide variety of challenging life situations, including experiences of physical decline, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, occupational burnout, eating disorders, unemployment, educational difficulties, and intellectual disabilities (Buunk, Gibbons, & Buunk, 1997). Identity can also be heightened when it is threatened by conflict with another group—such as during an important sports game with a rival team. However, we also engage in longer-term self-presentational projects, where we seek to build particular reputations with particular audiences. Other theorists, though, have viewed self-presentation as a more strategic endeavor, which may involve not always portraying ourselves in genuine ways (e.g., Jones & Pittman, 1982). The Looking Glass Self: An empirical test and elaboration. Society does not exist independently without individual. Although downward comparison provides us with positive feelings, upward social comparison, which occurs when we compare ourselves with others who are better off than we are, is also common (Blanton, Buunk, Gibbons, & Kuyper, 1999; Vrugt & Koenis, 2002). Data are from Cheng and Chartrand (2003). Schachter concluded that this was not just because being around other people might reduce our anxiety but because we also use others who are in the same situation as we are to help us determine how to feel about things. A reason that many of us spend money on improving our physical appearance is the desire to look good to others so that they will like us. 159–172). High self-monitors are particularly good at reading the emotions of others and therefore are better at fitting into social situations—they agree with statements such as “In different situations and with different people, I often act like very different persons,” and “I guess I put on a show to impress or entertain people.” Low self-monitors, on the other hand, generally act on their own attitudes, even when the social situation suggests that they should behave otherwise. Jung, the Self is one of several archetypes. So there must be intimate relationships between the school and the society. (1995). Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination, Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination, 12. Mazur and Kozarian (2010), for example, analyzed the content of adolescents’ blog entries and concluded that a careful concern for self-presentation was more central to their blogging behavior than direct interaction with others. This is 100% legal. Self-presentation and interaction in blogs of adolescents and young emerging adults. “The self is not present at birth” it only means that the self develop with the help of family, friends or other people you encounter. Nicholls, E., & Stukas, A. (2003). A., Meuwly, N., & Davila, J. International Journal Of Selection And Assessment,19(4), 331-339. The way she fills her time with a fictitious self, her parallel self, is the play of an artist. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 13(4), 357-364. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0257. Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition by Dr. Rajiv Jhangiani and Dr. Hammond Tarry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Van Lange, P. A. M. (2008). Self–other agreement and assumed similarity in neuroticism, extraversion, and trait affect: Distinguishing the effects of form and content. As Professor Whitney has observed, it is as much an institution as a body of unwritten laws, and like these it has been called forth by the needs of developing society.” Journal of Family Psychology, 10(4), 379-396. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.4.379, Beer, A., Watson, D., & McDade-Montez, E. (2013). Differences in self-presentation have also been found in job interviews involving individuals from Ghana, Turkey, Norway, and Germany, with the former two groups showing higher impression management scores than the latter two (Bye et al., 2011). 1 LINK OF LOOKING-GLASS SELF: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking-glass_self Picture by Rcragun MY REFLECTION ON THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF SOCIETY Nowadays, self-identity is important for an individual to understand the self within him. Oxford, England: Blackwell. ), Handbook of self and identity (pp. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2020-2029. doi:10.1177/0956797613482943, Gangestad, S. W., & Snyder, M. (2000). (1996). I will start by presenting early man, the hunter and Because many people naturally want to have positive self-esteem, they frequently attempt to compare themselves positively with others. The relevance of social comparison processes for prevention and health care. For each of the following items, please indicate your response on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) by writing a number in the blank next to the question. These stereotypes can have very important consequences in the real world. (2005). Buunk, A. P., & Gibbons, F. X. Self-evaluation maintenance theory (Tesser, 1988) asserts that our self-esteem can be threatened when someone else outperforms us, particularly if that person is close to us and the performance domain is central to our self-concept. The concept of the looking-glass self states that part of how we see ourselves comes from our perception of how others see us (Cooley, 1902). There is also evidence that self-promotional concerns are often a part of blogging behaviors, too. top-rated free essay Sense of Self. When the other candidate was made to appear to be less qualified for the job, the downward comparison with the less-qualified applicant made the students feel better about their own qualifications. Describe the concept of self-presentation and the various strategies we use to portray ourselves to others. Interestingly, narcissism was found to predict scores on a measure of exhibitionistic, self-promoting use of Facebook check-ins, which included items like “I check in so people know that I am with friends,” and “I expect friends to like or leave comments on my check-in status on Facebook.”. It signifies the coherent whole, unifying both the conscious and unconscious mind of a person. These practices are tremendously important to know how humans act and interact with each other. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202. This is one reason why good students who attend high schools in which the other students are only average may suddenly find their self-esteem threatened when they move on to colleges and universities in which they are no longer better than the other students (Marsh, Kong, & Hau, 2000). Baldwin, M. W., & Holmes, J. O. Labels used in relation to diagnosis of psychological disorders can be detrimental to people whom then internalize them. These questions can be answered only by looking at those around us. (1980) Self–esteem maintenance in family dynamics. ___ I feel held back by the group of University of Maryland students. A. This is where the social self comes into picture. For people who are high in self-monitoring, their self-esteem may be positively impacted when they perceive that their behavior matches the social demands of the situation, and negatively affected when they feel that it does not. Analysis of the content and language used in Facebook postings has also revealed that they are sometimes used by individuals to self-promote. Good or bad at playing video games? ), Behavior, health, and aging. This finding is consistent with the idea that the high self-monitors were particularly aware of the other person’s status and attempted to self-present more positively to the high-status leader. The term society has been derived from the Latin word ‘Socius’ which means a companion, association or fellowship. Many studies have supported a basic prediction derived from the notion of the looking-glass self, namely that our self-concepts are often quite similar to the views that others have of us (Beer, Watson, & McDade-Montez, 2013). The Self, according to Jung, is the end product of individuation, which is … Similarly, antisocial and self-destructive online actions, like people posting to Facebook their involvement in illegal acts during riots, or individuals engaging in life-threatening activities in Internet crazes like Neknominate, may make more sense if they are considered partly as stemming from a desire to project a particular reputation to specific audiences. The concept of self and society is one of the most critical aspects of the philosophy and underlying debate that attempt to present a balanced and historical analysis of the way our lives should be governed. Overall, these results indicate that individuals who incorporate a formerly negative label into their self-concept in order to reclaim it can sometimes undermine the stigma attached to the label. In M. R. Leary, J. P. Tangney, M. R. E. Leary, & J. P. E. Tangney (Eds. Marwick and Boyd (2011) found that self-presentational strategies were a consistent part of celebrity tweeting, often deployed by celebrities to maintain their popularity and image. When social comparisons come up poorly for us, we may experience depression or anxiety, and these discrepancies are important determinants of our self-esteem (Higgins, Loeb, & Moretti, 1995; Strauman & Higgins, 1988). Mehdizadeh (2010), for example, found that narcissistic personality scores were positively correlated with the amount of daily logins on Facebook and the duration of each login. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Part of what is developing in children as they grow is the fundamental cognitive part of the self, known as the self-concept. In the last example, it is argued that a lot of teenage antisocial behavior results from a desire to build a reputation for toughness and rebelliousness with like-minded peer audiences (Emler & Reicher, 1995). In the current example, this would mean practicing more often or hiring a coach to improve your tennis game. Give examples of the use of upward and downward social comparison and their influences on social cognition and affect. Psychology In The Schools, 33(2), 143-152. In Robert Thurman’s “Wisdom” he states the “Buddha did not find one way to interpret things”(Thurman 448), so the self can interpret things like language and how society uses this language. The final influence we will explore can also be used strategically to elevate not only our own esteem, but the esteem we have in the eyes of others. —Emler & Reicher (1995) describe the unique capacity humans have to know one another by repute and argue that, accordingly, we are often engaged in a process of reputation management, which is a form of long-term self-presentation, where individuals seek to build and sustain specific reputations with important audiences. M. T. 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